“Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe”. Essay

â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. The competence of the poor in rearing children will always be a notion of concern in every society, notably in the Caribbean region. Sadly, we suffer from different economic and social developmental issues which dates back as far to the issuing of independence from our colonial states with the exception of some French Caribbean countries such as ; Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Martin and British Virgin Islands. However, most countries are plagued with the demon of unemployment courtesy of the fluctuating economy in the world at large and in the west. Most countries also suffer from brain drain leading back to the slow economy . For each society to be effectively studied, one has to go beyond the surface and dissect the situation, as cells are to the body so are people to the society/ country that we live in, hence the importance of population studies in finding out issues that plague the society, further leading us to the topic of discussion and evaluation today which is â€Å" Poor p eople would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. There is no doubt in my mind that this statement is indeed factual. Poor by definition means having little or no money, goods or means of support. Therefore if i was poor and I had less dependents to worry about I would be better off having fewer children to feed and clothes, and if I should take the liberty of drawing your imagination to the reality of having the responsibility to also send multiple children to school and provide them with technological advancements†¦ poor people are 120% better off if they had less responsibility. The rich however, do not suffer from the aches of having too much children or too little because in essence they can survive this plight . For this notion of response, the writer will be drawing knowledge from the Malthusian theory and also the Neo – Malthusian and Marxist theory , but for now let us focus a bit on the Mathus ideology and how effective it is on the evaluation of the population growth and trends. Thomas Malthus, the founder of this theory postulates that if the population continues to grow rapidly, then the effects would be detrimental, he pointed this out in his famous treatise. He states that the population increases in geometric proportions ( 2, 4, 6, 8) while the food resources available for them would  only increase arithmetically i.e 1, 2,3†¦ in simple words if the human population was â€Å"allowed† to increase at a faster rate than the food supply , a point would come when food sources couldn’t support the growing population. Malthus in his thinking doubted the ingenuity of mankind and technology and even though his theory is not exactly wrong it doesn’t necessarily fit the Caribbean perspective. Food and clothes are available yes, but do we all have the capital to purchase these goods to make life comfortable? Further leading us to thinking of Karl Marx who is hell bent on that it is the inequality of the ruling class that causes poverty, malnutrition, crime and hunger. This would be solved if fair opportunities were given to other people and not only those with wealth running through their veins; this theory fits in to the Caribbean society today. The ruling would be the politicians and those who are apart of big organizations. These are the people whose children are better off in life and they also receive heavy wages and they perform less taxing work. Compared to the middle class and lower workers, who work for such unfair wages. Thus leading to the underdevelopment of the impoverished and certain population trends such as the heavy migration levels in each country. This further leads to the loss of human development because the people who leave their home countries for better job opportunities and improvements in living standards leave a gap in the society which the government has to fill, costing more. The issue of crime and deviance in the society can be related to having poor back grounds and broken homes, especially juvenile delinquency. The writer took it upon herself to assess these implications and to the extent at which they are true and I came across a family in my community who can be considered as poor. This family living in one 2 bedroom house, with an outside bathroom and kitchen has 35 peop le living in it. In this family there are 2 people over 60 years old , their 4 children and their children’s many children. Each child has no less than 5 children and to add all of them are without fathers, as they have refused to take up their responsibilities. It is sad to say that these sisters have not obtained an education higher than a secondary level, and so they are virtually unemployed with the exception of one sister who is a domestic helper. They are also living without electricity and running water. We were asked to assess the population in relation to development. How exactly development is possible when surrounded  in situation such as these? In most cases such as these, the children like the ones in my community will end up leaving school and history will repeat itself, other situations such as deviant behavior and teenage pregnancy will also spiral out of control leading to an ineffective society full of stagnant individuals, who will just eventually weigh the economic system down , increase in tax to support welfare systems, a low GDP rate, increase in criminal activities and even untimely deaths. The health care of these less fortunate are also at stake. As individuals how can we stop the ongoing misery of an overpopulated society, crime and deviance, health care deficiencies, brain drain , hunger and the rhetorical cycle of unemployment? Well there are several organization which seeks to relief the poor such as UNICEF and Food for the poor , who are always present when natural disasters( hurricanes , earthquakes, volcanoes) wreaks havoc in countries , orphanages and in the case of dire needs and physically challenged. In Jamaica there is also the PATH program which was instituted to help children who are going to school, students on this program receive a monthly stipend, health care and lunch at school, a big help to most. Also , if they excel academically , they are awarded scholarships to continue their territory education . Now back to Malthus, who has his solution which takes the form of moral restraint. The usage of using birth control methods ( contraceptives/ condoms) or just simply abstaining from sexual activity until one is ready emotionally and economically , getting married older, spacing children and having less children. These methods when combined will curve the growing population and create more productive individuals, the poor would be able to take advantage of the help they are receiving and they will then be able to get an effective job which will help them to become less dependent on the society to take care of them, thus poor people would be better off because in essence they wouldn’t be poor again.

Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 6

Kevin howled, clapping a hand to his cheek. â€Å"He cut me! This guy cut me!† Blood ran between his fingers. Randy lifted the razor again. Thea reached out with her mind. Not reached. She leaped. It was completely instinctive; she was scared to death, and all she could think of was that he was going to kill Kevin, and maybe Blaise, too. She caught-something. Pain and grief and fury that seemed to be bouncing around like a baboon in a cage. She could hold it for only an instant, but in that instant Eric threw two cups of punch in Randy's face. Randy yelled and turned away from Kevin, toward Eric. Thea felt a surge of pure terror. Randy slashed with the razor, but Eric was fast; he jumped back out of the way, circling to get behind Randy. Randy wheeled and slashed again. They were doing a macabre dance, going round and round. Thea felt as if the fear was winding tighter inside her with each turn. But Eric kept out of the way of the flashing razor until a rush of movement on the dance floor caught her eye. It was Mr. Adkins and two other teachers. They converged on Randy and there was a lot of confusion. When it was over, Randy was on the ground. Sirens wailed outside, coming closer. Eric stepped away from the pile on the floor. Breathing hard, he looked at Thea. She nodded that she was all right, then shut her eyes. She felt limp and wrung out and awful. They were going to take Randy away now, and she didn't think there was much help for him. He definitely seemed too far gone. At that moment she was ashamed of being a witch. â€Å"All right, people,† Mr. Adkins was saying. â€Å"Let's move out of here. Let's get this place cleared.† He looked at Blaise, who was bending over a seated Kevin, holding a napkin to his cheek. â€Å"You two can stay.† Then he put a hand on Blaise's shoulder. â€Å"Are you okay here?† Blaise looked up with wide, tragic gray eyes. â€Å"I think so,† she said bravely. Mr. Adkins swallowed. His hand on Blaise's shoulder squeezed. Thea heard him mutter something like, â€Å"Poor kid.† Oh, give me a break, Thea thought. But a small, selfish part of her was relieved. Blaise wasn't going to get in trouble over this one; neither of them was going to get expelled. Grandma wasn't going to be disgraced in front of the Inner Circle. And Blaise did seem worried about Kevin. She was bending over him again solicitously. As if she really cared. Thea slipped past a teacher's outstretched arm. â€Å"Are you okay?† she whispered to Blaise. Blaise looked up enigmatically. That was when Thea saw that she had a tiny vial concealed in the napkin. It was full of blood. â€Å"You†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thea couldn't find the words. Blaise made a slight grimace that meant: I know. But it was just too good a chance to miss. Thea backed up and ran into Eric. He put a steadying arm around her. â€Å"Is she all right?† â€Å"She's fine. I have to get out of here.† Eric looked into her face. He was rumpled: his hair mussed, his eyes dark. All he said was, â€Å"Let's go.† They passed Vivienne and Selene on the way out. Thea had to give them credit; they both looked shocked and unhappy. The question was, would it last? Dani was in the parking lot with John Finkelstein. â€Å"I'm going home,† she said significantly to Thea, and tossed something into a clump of bitterbrush. It was an empty vial. Thea felt a tiny uncoiling of relief. She touched Dani's arm lightly. â€Å"Thanks.† Dani looked back at the cafeteria. â€Å"I wonder what it was he wanted to know?† she murmured. And just then a howl came from the lighted doorway, as if answering her question. It didn't sound like a person; it sounded like an animal in anguish. â€Å"Whyyyyyy?† Thea turned blindly and almost ran for Eric's jeep. When they were driving on darkened streets, Eric said quietly, â€Å"I'm presuming he was an old boyfriend?† â€Å"Last month's.† Eric glanced at her. â€Å"He was pretty messed up, poor guy.† And that, Thea thought, summed it up nicely. He was pretty messed up forever. Poor guy. â€Å"It's Blaise,† she said. She hadn't meant to talk to him about this, but the words were so crowded in her throat that she thought she'd burst if she didn't let them out. â€Å"She does this and does this, and I can't stop her. She picks guys up everywhere, and they fall in love with her, and then she dumps them.† â€Å"Love? Hm,† Eric said. Thea looked at him, astonished. He was looking straight ahead, his long, supple fingers steady on the wheel. Well. And I thought you were so naive. Maybe you see more than I realized. â€Å"It's a kind of love,† she said. â€Å"It's like-do you know, in ancient Greece they worshiped the goddess Aphrodite. She was the goddess of love-and the thing about her was that she was absolutely merciless.† Thea shook her head. â€Å"I saw this play once about a queen named Phaedra. And Aphrodite made her fall in love with her own stepson, and by the end of the play just about everybody was dead on the stage. But Aphrodite just kept smiling. Because she was just doing what a goddess does-the same way that a tornado rips houses apart or a fire burns down a forest.† She stopped. Her chest was aching and she didn't have any breath left. But in a way she felt better, as if some pressure had been relieved. â€Å"And you think Blaise is like that.† â€Å"Yes. Sort of a natural force that can't help itself. Does that sound completely crazy?† â€Å"Actually, no.† Eric gave a wry smile. â€Å"Nature's rough. Hawks grab rabbits. Male lions kill cubs. It's a jungle out there.† â€Å"But that doesn't make it right. Maybe for goddesses and animals, but not when it gets to the level of humans.† It was a moment before she realized what she'd said. She was using â€Å"humans† to mean â€Å"people.† â€Å"Well, humans aren't very far from animals, after all,† Eric said softly. Thea sagged back against the seat. She was still confused and unhappy, but what scared her most was that she felt a strong urge to keep talking to Eric about it. He seemed to understand so well†¦ better than anybody else ever had. And not only to understand, but to care. â€Å"I know what you need,† Eric said suddenly, brightening. â€Å"I was going to suggest we go to the late buffet at Harrah's, but I know something better.† Thea glanced at the clock, saw that it was almost eleven: â€Å"What?† â€Å"Puppy therapy.† â€Å"What?† He just grinned and turned the jeep south. They pulled up at a modest gray building with a sign that read sun city animal hospital. â€Å"This is where you work.† â€Å"Yup. We can let Pilar off early,† Eric said, getting out and unlocking the front door of the building. â€Å"Come on.† A pretty girl with shoulder-length brown hair looked up from behind the office counter. Thea recognized her as Pilar Osorio from school. A quiet girl who looked like a good student. â€Å"How was the dance?† she said. Thea thought her eyes lingered on Eric wistfully as she said it. Eric shrugged. â€Å"Pretty awful, to tell the truth. There was a fight and we left.† Thea noticed he didn't mention his part in stopping the fight. â€Å"How awful,† Pilar said sympathetically-but Thea thought she wasn't entirely sorry that the dance hadn't gone well. â€Å"Yeah. So how's our boy?† â€Å"Okay-a little hyper. You might want to take him for a walk later.† Pilar picked up her jacket. She nodded politely to Thea as she headed for the door. â€Å"See you Monday.† She likes him. When the door was shut, Thea looked around the office. â€Å"So the clinic's not open.† â€Å"No, but somebody has to stay overnight when we've got animals boarding here.† He gave her the grin again. â€Å"Follow me.† He led her through an exam room into a corridor and then to a kennel room at the back. Thea looked around with interest. She'd never been in the inner sanctum of an animal hospital before. There were several dog runs. Eager whining was coming from the last. Eric looked at her mischievously. â€Å"Three, two, one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He opened the cage. A big Labrador puppy tumbled out, tail wagging frantically. He was a beautiful color that ranged from deep gold on his back to almost white on his legs and paws. â€Å"Hey, Bud,† Eric said. â€Å"Hey, pal; who's a good boy?† He looked at Thea solemnly. â€Å"This is the ultimate cuddle dog.† Thea collapsed on the sheet vinyl floor and made a lap, holding both arms out. â€Å"Uh-your dress-† Eric began mildly, but the puppy was already in midair. Thea caught him and he crawled up her, legs on her shoulders, hot breath blowing in her ear. â€Å"I think I'm in love,† Thea gasped, her arms full of warm, heavy puppy sweetness. Happiness surrounded her. She didn't have to try to merge with the puppy's mind; he practically took over by force. All his thoughts were good ones, and they were all about now. About how terrific everything smelled this minute, and how great that scratch behind the ear felt on a fleabite. Good feelings, happy feelings†¦ I really like this big bald dog†¦ Wonder which of us is dominant? The puppy bit her and Thea play-bit him back. â€Å"Wrong; I'm the pack leader,† she informed him, holding his jowls. There was only one odd thing. She could see the way the world looked to the pup-and there was nothing on the right. Just a void. â€Å"Is there something wrong with his eyes?† â€Å"You noticed the cataract. Lots of people don't see that right away. Yeah, he's blind in the right eye. When he gets older he may come back for surgery.† Eric sat back against the wall, grinning madly. â€Å"You've really got a way with animals,† he said. â€Å"But you don't own any pets?† The question was gentle, not intrusive. Thea said absently, â€Å"Well, usually just temporary ones. I pick them up and when they're cured I put them back- or find homes for them if they want to be pets.† â€Å"You cure them.† Once again, the question was gentle, but Thea felt a little shock. Why couldn't she guard her tongue around this guy? She looked up and found he was looking at her steadily and searchingly, his green eyes alert. She took a breath. â€Å"I feed them, take them to the vet if they need it. Then I wait until they heal up.† He nodded, but the searching look didn't go away. â€Å"Did you ever think of being a vet yourself?† Thea had to look down. She bluffed by kissing the puppy. â€Å"Uh, not really,† she muttered into blond fur. â€Å"But you've got a gift. Look, I've got some material on U.C. Davis. They have a great undergraduate program-and their graduate school is one of the best in the country. It's not easy to get in, but you could do it. I know you could.† â€Å"I wouldn't bet on it,† Thea muttered. She had several dramatic blotches on her academic record- like four expulsions. But that wasn't the real problem. The real problem was that witches weren't veterinarians. They just weren't. She could choose to specialize in gems or herbs or ritual clothing; in chants or runes or research or amulets†¦ in hundreds of things, but nothing taught at U.C. Davis. â€Å"It's hard to explain,† Thea said. She didn't have much room left to be surprised, or she'd have been surprised to find she wanted to explain to a human. â€Å"It's just-my family wouldn't really approve. They want me to be something else.† Eric opened his mouth, then shut it again. The puppy sneezed. â€Å"Well-maybe you could help me with my application sometime,† Eric said at last. â€Å"I'm trying to do the essay question and dying.† You sneak, Thea thought. â€Å"Maybe,† she said. At that moment a buzzer sounded-far away but insistent. Bud barked. â€Å"What the†¦ that's the outside buzzer,† Eric said. â€Å"But nobody should be here at this time of night.† He got up and headed for the front of the building. Thea followed, her fingertips just brushing Bud's head to control him. Eric opened the door, then stepped back in surprise. â€Å"Rosamund†¦ what are you doing here? Does Mom know you're out?† Something like a miniature whirlwind entered the waiting room. It was a kid, a little girl with a mop of sandy hair sticking out from under a baseball cap. She was carrying a rolled-up blue blanket, and what could be seen of her expression under the hair was ferocious. â€Å"Mom said Madame Curie wasn't really sick, but she is. Call Dr. Joan.† With that, the kid marched into the office and dumped the blue blanket on the counter, pushing aside a clipboard and some vaccination reminder cards. â€Å"Hey. Don't.† When she ignored him, Eric looked at Thea. â€Å"Uh, this is my sister Rosamund. And I don't know how she got here-â€Å" â€Å"I rode my bike and I want Madame Curie fixed now.† Bud was rearing up and trying to sniff the blue blanket. Thea pushed him down gently. â€Å"Who's Madame Curie?† â€Å"Madame Curie is a guinea pig,† Eric said. He touched the blanket. â€Å"Roz-Dr. Joan is gone. She's out of town at a conference.† Rosamund's ferocious expression never wavered, but her chin began to quiver. â€Å"Okay, listen. I'll take a look at Madame Curie now, see if I can see anything. But first we have to call Mom and let her know you're alive.† He reached for the phone. â€Å"I'll take Bud back,† Thea said. â€Å"I think he thinks Madame Curie is lunch.† She led the puppy into the back room and coaxed him into the run with a promise of extra petting later. When she came back to the office, Eric was bent over a small brown-and-white guinea pig. He looked frustrated. â€Å"Well, there's something wrong with her-I guess. She seems weaker than usual and sort of lethargic___† Suddenly he jerked his hand back with a yelp. â€Å"Not too lethargic,† he said, eyeing the blood welling up from his thumb. He wiped it on a tissue and bent over the guinea pig again. â€Å"She's in a bad mood,† Rosamund said. â€Å"And she's not eating right. I told you yesterday she was sick.† â€Å"No, you didn't,† Eric said calmly. â€Å"You told me she was tired of living under patriarchy.† â€Å"Well, she is tired. And she's sick. Do something.† â€Å"Kid, I don't know what to do yet. Hang on.† He bent closer to the little animal, muttering to himself. â€Å"She's not coughing†¦ so it's not strep. Her lymph nodes are okay†¦ but her joints seem swollen. Now, that's weird.† Rosamund was watching him, her green eyes full of fierce trust. Eyes like Eric's, Thea realized. She reached out gently and just touched the guinea pig's soft fur with her fingers. Her mind reached gently, too. Frightened-little-animal thoughts. The guinea pig didn't like being here, wanted the sawdust of her cage, wanted safety. She didn't like the clinical smells, didn't like huge, strange fingers descending from the sky. Home-place, nest-place, she was thinking. And then, something odd. A concept-more smell and taste than picture. Madame Curie was imagining eating something†¦ something crunchy and slightly sharp. Eating and eating and eating. â€Å"Is there some treat she really likes?† Thea asked doubtfully. â€Å"Something like cabbage?† Eric blinked, then straightened up as if he'd gotten an electric shock. His green eyes stared straight into hers. â€Å"That's it! You're brilliant!† â€Å"What's it?† â€Å"What you said. She's got scurvy!† He dashed out of the office and came back with a thick book full of small print. â€Å"Yeah-here it is. Anorexia, lethargy, enlarged limb joints†¦ she's got all the symptoms.† He turned pages feverishly and then said triumphantly, â€Å"All we have to do is give her some of those veggies, or maybe some ascorbic acid in her water.† Scurvy-wasn't that a disease sailors used to get? When they were on long trips with no fresh fruits or vegetables? And ascorbic acid was†¦ â€Å"Vitamin C!† â€Å"Yeah! It's been hot and we've got hard water at our house-all that could deplete the vitamin C in her diet. But it's easy to fix.† Then Eric looked at Thea and shook his head wonderingly. â€Å"I've been studying for years, besides working here, and you just look at the animal and you know. How do you do that?† â€Å"She asked Madame Curie,† Rosamund said flatly. Thea gave her a wary glance. How come this whole family was so observant? â€Å"Ha ha,† she said, her voice light. â€Å"I like you,† Rosamund said, just as flatly as before. â€Å"Now where can I get some cabbage?† â€Å"Go look in the vaccine fridge in back,† Eric said. â€Å"If there isn't any, we can always use vitamin drops.† Rosamund trotted off. Eric watched her, openly fond. â€Å"She's an interesting kid,† Thea said. â€Å"She's sort of a genius. Also the world's smallest militant feminist. She's suing the local Boy Trekkers, you know. They won't let her in, and the Girl Trekkers don't trek. They do macrame.† Thea looked at him. â€Å"And what do you think of that?† â€Å"Me? I drive her to the lawyer's office whenever Mom can't make it. I figure it stops her griping. Besides, she's right.† Simple as that, Thea thought. She watched Eric as he folded the blue blanket, and heard a voice in her mind like the voice of an announcer describing a game-show prize. Now. Look at this guy. He's tender but intense. Brave. Profoundly insightful. Shy but with a wicked sense of humor. He's smart, he's honest, he's an animal lover†¦. He's human. I don't care. She was feeling-well, strange. As if she'd been breathing too much yemonja root. The air seemed sweet and heavy and tingly somehow, as if laced with tropical electricity. â€Å"Eric†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And she found herself touching the back of his hand. He let go of the blanket instantly and turned his hand to close on hers. He wasn't looking at her, though. He was still staring at the office desk. His chest heaved. â€Å"Eric?† â€Å"Sometimes I think if I blink, you'll disappear.† Oh, Eileithyia, Thea thought. Oh, Aphrodite. I'm in terrible trouble. The thing was, it was terrible and wonderful. She felt awkward and tremendously safe at once, scared to death and not scared of anything. And what she wanted was so simple. If he only felt the same, everything would be all right. â€Å"I just can't even imagine life without you anymore, but I'm so afraid you'll go away,† Eric said, still looking fatalistically at the computer on the desk. Then he turned to her. â€Å"Are you mad?† Thea shook her head. Her heart was threatening to leave her body. When she met his eyes it was as if some circuit had closed. They were connected, now, and being pulled together as if Aphrodite herself was gathering them into her arms. And then everything was warm and wonderful. Better than holding the puppy, because Eric could hold her, too. And the thrills of fear that had been shooting through her seemed somehow to burst like fireworks and turn into exhilaration. Her cheek was against Eric's. And she'd never felt anything so blissful before. Eric's cheek was smooth and firm-and she was safe here, loved here. She could rest like this forever. Peace filled her like cool water. They were two birds enfolding each other with their wings. Swans mate for life†¦ and when they see their mate, they know, she thought. That's what happened in the desert. We knew each other; it was as if we each could see the other one's soul. Once you see into someone's soul, you're attached forever. Yeah, and there's a word for it in the Night World, part of her mind said, trying to shatter her peace. The soulmate principle. You're trying to say that your one and only is a human? But Thea couldn't be frightened, not now. She felt insulated from the Night World and the human world both. She and Eric formed their own reality; and it was enough just to stand here and breathe and to feel his breathing, without worrying about the future†¦. A door creaked and a blast of cool air blew in. Thea's eyes were startled open. And then her heart gave a terrible lurch and started thudding painfully. It wasn't the door that Rosamund had gone through. It was the front door, which Eric must have left unlocked. And Blaise was standing there in the waiting room.

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Demand for Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demand for Bonds - Essay Example Thus there will be a windfall loss if bonds are purchased. Thus, bond demand will be low. This also implies that if expected future bond prices are high, then the demand for bonds will rise and vice-versa. iv) Expected inflation: Expected inflation has an adverse impact on bond demand. If there is an increase in expected inflation, bond demand will fall and vice versa. v) Relative risk: If the risk associated with a bond increases relative to other assets the demand for that bond will fall. Analogously if there is a decline in the relative riskiness of a bond, its demand will increase. vi) Relative liquidity: If there is an increase in the relative liquidity of a bond, i.e., if converting the bond into cash becomes relatively easier, the demand for it shall rise if other things remain the same and vice versa. vi) Business-cycle movements: If the economy is undergoing a boom, there will be an increase in the demand for bonds. Similarly, the demand for bonds will fall if the economy is suffering a recessionary period. b) Analyse the following statement:   â€Å"This week, the yield on the US Treasury note closed below 3%, a level not seen in 50 years. In the UK, the 10-year Gilt yield sits below 4% for the first time since 1961, according to UBS. Germany’s Bund yield is closing in on 3%. ... This time, the threat of delfation is being taken more seriously. Should policymakers again avert that fate, bond yiels may be primed for an explosive rise as fiscal spending plans and the expansion in money supply suggest inflation is the likely outcome†. [Source: Financial times 28-Nov-2008] Before commenting on the report it will be useful to note that as mentioned above bond demands (and thus investment) are induced by business cycle booms and dissuaded during recessions. However, during booms since the threat of inflation looms large, it is a natural counteracting force to the possibility of overinvestment. Similarly, during recessions, the adverse effect on the demand for bonds can be countered by the threat of deflation. Now, let's turn to the report. The first and foremost point to note in this context is the date of the report. It is dated November, 2008. Thus the US, UK and the German economies were in recession, arguably the worst one since the great depression (This was during the heart of the global financial crisis). Thus, one should expect expansionary monetary policies during this time. Lower interest rates ideally stimulated investment demand and thus increase the effective demand which leads to an expansion in real aggregate output with a multiplier effect and thus employment as well. What is reported seems to be along the same lines of intention. The current yields on US Treasury note fell to a level that was a precedent in 50 years. Similarly there was a decline in long term yields in the UK economy (gilt) and Germany (bund yields). However, in order for this policy to work, the falling bond yields

Discuss the expression theory of art, using the chapter from Essay

Discuss the expression theory of art, using the chapter from freelandbut is it art - Essay Example Sometimes these theories focus solely upon the creation process of the artwork while other theories focus more upon the receiving process of the audience. Still other theories range around the concepts between these extremes, from the way in which the thoughts, feelings, ideas or other communicated goals are transferred from the artist’s mind to the canvas, musical score or movement, captured within that medium and then transferred to an audience. As is evident from the range of these theories, the role of the individual artist has been explored, as has the role of the audience, but another aspect of the creation of art that has played a significant role in the investigation of what is art is the role of the ideologies and customs inherent in the society in which the artwork is created as well as that which is receiving it, which do not always have similar outlooks. A prime example of this can be found in Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel. As it was being painted, depiction s of nudes were completely acceptable and natural but only a few years later they were considered indecent and were given flowing garments to cover the more objectionable parts.2 While it has not been agreed upon which is the most important function of art, most all theorists agree that art does convey meaning either cognitively or expressively. The expressive theory of art contends that art conveys its meaning primarily through an appeal to the senses of its audience, evoking specific emotions and feelings intended either consciously or unconsciously by the artist and capable of conveying even complex ideas such as the existence of God or the power of the mind. As defined by Freeland,3 the ‘expression theory’ as it pertains to art is based on the concept that art is intended to communicate something to the viewer that is focused upon exacting an emotion or feeling. This is accomplished through careful use of line

MEDICAL ERROR AND PREVENTION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEDICAL ERROR AND PREVENTION - Research Paper Example This followed a declaration made in 2007 by the Federal Centre for Medical and Medicaid services (CMS) denying settlement of Medicaid funds for treatment of preventable errors (Armitage, 2009). This paper explores sources of medical errors and their prevention among heath workers. According to the Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force, a medical error is â€Å"the failure of an intended action to be accomplished as planned or use of an incorrect plan to achieve an aim† (Armitage, 2009). Thus, errors can result from wrongful practice, procedures, products, or systems applied by a health professional or institution on a patient. This definition of medical errors define the three dimensions of patient’s safety namely error prevention, visibility of errors and effect mitigation. Medication errors occur most commonly in administering prescribing (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Common errors include: There are two classes of medical errors namely active and latent errors. Active errors occur at individual level and, have instant results while latent are errors results from system or operation failure. Thus, the effects of a latent error may not be visible immediately but have long-term impacts on the society. Emotional Status – Emotional reactions such as anger, anxiety, boredom and fear often interferes with workers performance leading to medical errors. Emotional responses may result from over-work or negative attitudes. Hard-to-read handwriting- Medical workers have the most illegible handwriting, which contributes to medical errors. Fortunately, automated medication ordering has reduced the problem especially on prescription. Surgical errors have adverse effects on patients and, often lead to loss of life. They occur due to wrongful procedures, inappropriate sites, or surgical personnel. Studies conducted in Utah and Colorado hospitals indicated that surgical errors accounted for nearly 75% of observable medical

Opera in the U.S. by American composers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Opera in the U.S. by American composers - Essay Example Opera in the U.S. by American composers Answering the question that many people have not been able to answer since the 1960’s, Opera in the United States of America supports performance and creation of new works by American composers especially those from the northern side. OPERA America’s online education core, which is the learning centre, features information, which not only focuses on frequent operas but also houses an inventory that has proven to grow of composers from north America as well as their operas for use by opera lovers, artists and administrators. Therefore, Opera finds synopses, biographies of librettists and composers, historical essays and other research as well as other multimedia excerpts. Jazz composers for example, which happens to be the genre subject in this paper, started way back in the 1960’s and up to date the composers still rely on Opera for research work. In the Opera, there is the voice workshop and the composers’ series, w hich is a competitive biannual fellowship, offered to composers especially those of jazz and composer/librettist teams (Gilbert& Chase, 26). The notion behind fallacies as outlined by major philosophers asserts that in order to be a rational thinkers and composers, then one should avoid the illogicality in fallacies and carry out an examination to gauge one’s level of thinking. While composing, development for Rational Persons involves Viewing Development in Stages; the composer tries to explain the basic concepts that would help in becoming a rational jazz composer. Librettists like mark Campbell places in the mind of the audience stages of evaluation through which one can become a more rational thinker. While at Opera and in stage one, composers assert that it is of primary importance to accept that since humans are always working towards being more rational thinkers, we should accept that shortcoming characteristic of humans and work towards better realization of relevant thinking. The second stage helps composers realize that unless they accept to being irrelevant thinkers, only then can they proceed to being rational thinkers. Stage 3 asserts that composers first question the belief of their reasoning before actually bringing it out to other people. When a composer gets to this stage, then he or she can be referred to as ‘beginning thinkers’. In the fourth stage, a composer is able to have a clearly defined outline of his or her thinking formula. One is able to have an organized line of thought even in arguments. According to Opera, There are 4 different kinds of fallacies. I. Non sequitur is the form of thinking where the composition may be right or wrong, but the premise from which the conclusion is born does not have clear outlay. II. Faulty analogy asserts some level of irrelevance during composition. For instance, if B has content, same as V and V has same composition as Q; simply assuming that therefore B and Q have same properti es without founded conclusive finding is irrelevant and illogical. III. Hasty generalization: in this form of fallacy, a composer simply draws conclusion based only insufficient evidence. If in a list of 12 people, 10 have passed in an exam, simply assuming that the remaining two also have passed in an exam holds no ground for a sufficient conclusion. IV. Equivocation simply implies the

SLP 1 MGT - 491 STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay

SLP 1 MGT - 491 STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example All the steps involved in formulating a strategic hiring process will be discussed in details. This analysis will be of importance in my future career as a Human Resource Manager either employed by an organization or being self-employed. The first step in the hiring process is identifying a vacancy and evaluating the needs of that vacant position. Vacant positions may be created due to growth demands of the organization, an employee quitting the job or the need for a specialized service. Once a vacant position is identified; the HR will require revisiting the organizational goals so that a proper evaluation of the kind of person required is done. Evaluation is guided by the current and future demands of the post and the overall long-term and short-term goals of the organization (Arthur, 2012). This assessment helps the HR manager to identify the competency required of the person to be hired. Important details such as tasks to be completed and employee’s work hours are also determined based on the post evaluation. Once the HR has identified the vacant position and has come up with the requirements for the position, the next step is the preparation of a post description. The description of a position determines the kind of people who will be attracted. A job description creates the first impression to a potential employee. A good position description should include the responsibilities of the employee, and this document can be used later to access the performance of the hired employee. Moreover, it guides the training and career improvement programs that the hired employee will undergo after hiring. The general information to be presented to the prospective interviews will include payroll title, salary and name of the department. Other special requirements such as a driving license and the BFOQ’s will depend on the kind of position in question. A description of the purpose of the position will include details such as specific roles, position duration

Value Chain Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value Chain Model - Research Paper Example The principle aim of Audible is to integrate literate listening so much that it becomes the core tool for anyone who is seeking knowledge to be more productive and well informed. Audile’s collection is massive. It‘s collection includes over 85,000 audio programs that have come from above 1000 content providers. These content providers vary from audio book publishers to broadcasters to entertainers to magazines to newspaper publishers to business information providers. The content can be easily downloaded and played back on various wireless mobile devices. Audible is also the leading provider of for audio products for Apple’s iTunes Store. (About Audible) Audible’s Value Chain Activities: According to Porter(1885), the core value chain activities are as following: 1. Inbound Logistics 2. Operations 3. Outbound Logistics 4. Marketing and Sales 5. Service Inbound logistics include some core value chain activities such as receiving the raw materials and stockin g them in warehouses. After stocking in their warehouses, the materials are distributed to the distribution and from there to manufacturing. Audible is an online store that delivers digital content. It delivers audio content and its stock includes DVDs at the most. Hence, its warehouses are designed to keep CDs and DVDs. Its core business model enables customers to shop, purchase and download audio content from their online store, www.audible.com. The operations include customizing the audio content to the standards that run at audible; adding the audible logo on the audible media content and copy-right protecting. Out bound logistics don’t involve brick and mortar here. The customers are given the opportunity to download their desired digital content on the media of their choice. Marketing and Sales involves coming up with customer needs and targeting them for sales. Audible markets itself through online media, social media and through the online big wig, Amazon.com. Audible has a toll free number through which customers can get in touch with their customer services department. (Value Chain Model) The primary activities in value chains are a combination of various things. These include the infrastructure of the firm, its Human resource management, its technology development, and its procurement. Audible is strategically aligned with Random House Inc for the production and publishing of audio content. Audible uses various technologies to support value creation for its business. Audible cut down on all the brick and mortar expenses such as paper, printing, warehousing and shipping by opting for online delivery that not just ensured that the customers were immediately delivered but were also offered a wide ray of DVDs to select from. Moreover, Audible also created value allowing the authors to dub in their own voices. Eventually the population and the masses started with drawing themselves from books because they found themselves too busy to read. Audible offered them the opportunity to become accustomed to reading amidst their busy schedules. They weaned away from books and started looking up to digital content available to them to read. Before this audio publishers found it difficult to ship physical products. An online shop store made it possible for them to come out of that limitation. Audible was the first company to center its

Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment Essay Who are we to decide who should live and who should die? Who are we to decide that the punishment should not fit the crime? Who are we to consider mercy for the merciless? These are just a few questions I would love to be able to ask someone like Carrie Marie Scott, Janna Bruce, or Sheila Whalen but I can not, they all were murdered by Stephen Peter Morin. Stephen was one of the â€Å"botched† executions by lethal injection. It took the technicians almost 45 minutes to find a suitable vein to administer the sentence. I wonder how long it took his three victims to die as he raped and tortured them in a van he sound proofed. As for the time he suffered on the table getting needles stuck in him, I hope it does not happen to anyone that did not torture and kill three innocent people. Where is the humanity for the victims? Then there is the botched execution of John Wayne Gacy. This man tortured and killed over 25 people after his first conviction of child molestation in 1968; yet it is inhumane that his execution took 18 minutes longer to complete than normal because of a clogged IV tube? Perhaps we should ask the family of his victims if it took longer than 18 minutes for them to get over the death of their loved ones. Where is the humanity for the victims? What of the Hodges family? Richard Hodges and his 75 year old mother Mildred were both murdered by suffocation by Bert Leroy Hunter and Tomas Ervin. On December 15th, 1988; Hunter and Ervin broke into the Hodges’ family home at gun point to rob them. The Hodges’ were bound with duct tape and had plastic bags put over their heads causing them to suffocate. Death by suffocation can take upwards of eight minutes to happen; try holding your breath for a minute and you will realize the agony of this death. When hunter was executed his body convulsed violently; but this is the inhumane aspect of this entire ordeal. I feel that I would be cheating the family if I did not mention that this crime was committed after Hunter got out of jail for his first conviction of murder and in jail is where he met his accomplice Ervin. Where is the humanity for the victims? What is a lethal injection? It is a very basic process where Sodium Thiopental is used to put the person to sleep, then Pancuronium is administered to paralyze the muscles, and Potassium Chloride is used to stop the heart; if this is not given the person would die of asphyxiation from the Pancuronium. The person has an IV in both arms although one is only used as a backup in case the main fails. The person on the execution table will always have one right that he or she did not allow their victim to have; the right to die with their dignity. When you look at the very basic facts of this, that no one should take a life; everything is very simple. When people say that â€Å"this poor person died on the execution table in a horrible way;† it is really easy to take a stance and say that it is wrong. The problem is that this is a heavily flawed perspective based on initial reactions without digging further and finding the details about how the ended up on that execution table in the first place. It all comes down to protecting the ones we are supposed to protect; the people who do NOT break the law and their rights have far been overlooked for rights of the ones who victimized them. So you ask for a stance and I will take one: Killing people is wrong, but the people who have killed people should not have a voice in their treatment of way they die; their victims did not. I support lethal injection and capital punishment. So long as people are willing to kill other people in cold blood; I am willing to see them off to their demise and not stand in the way.

The Strange Case of Mr Hyde and Dr Jekyll Essay Example for Free

The Strange Case of Mr Hyde and Dr Jekyll Essay I the conflicting seed of everymans agonising conscience stirs deep in the inveterate, dark, depths of the inner soul. Time spent in patience, waiting in earnest for favourable conditions to germinate, a yearning to be nurtured; to be fed, fed the pleasures that would supply my imperious craving; to permit the outstretching and entanglement of my darkened roots into the depths of the nourishing elixir of life itself. Thus countless times I fought my perennial war, with my so-called double-dealer. On occasions my very existence hung in the balance. My utmost pleasures were denied me; I was kept concealed, hidden as if I were an open, infected, contagious wound, suppressed by the heavy weight of honour and dignity. His goodness, his knowing righteousness strangles my growth like bind weed to a new sapling, If it were not for my hosts rather growing intrigue and exacting aspirations of mans divided and compounded dual nature of good and ill, coupled with his morbid sense of shame and guilt. I would have long past this hour. But much to my joyous wickedness, he dwelt with pleasure, on the notion, that life could be relieved of all that was unbearable; a departure of our intertwined, conflicting qualities; hence to permit him to walk unfalteringly and firmly on his upward path, enabling him to derive pleasure in its most purest form, no longer, exposed to dishonour and penitence, delivered from my extraneous evil. On this darkened mystical hour, shadows beckoned me to watch the ultimate demise of the labours of my double-dealer. Elements were weighed to precise accuracy, and then compounded. I watched behind the veil of darkness, watched hungrier than I had ever been before, watched as these elements bubbled and smoulder mutually in the glass vessel. Attractive temptation hung in the air, teasing, tantalising and encouraging the flows of my frenzied juices to run wild, bittersweet poisons tripped through the chemically charged room. I gleefully waited for my host to feed the very essence of my soul, my unripe, immature soul; I am yet still but an infant as if unblemished by the first utterances of lies. The poison slipped smoothly through his lips. My villainous senses had long since been awoken, awoken by the pungent smells that fill the laboratory. I craved for this elixir, this elixir that will open the doorway to my freedom. This power is like nothing I have felt in hand, it surges right to my core. Rapidly I exceed in height and statue, filling his inadequate skin. He clutches at me now, ripping, tearing and scratching at my very flesh, his intense moaning and crying fills the darkness. No more so does he deserve that tormentor, than I deserved the suppression I have felt over this exceeding and exasperating time, henceforth justice be done. I inhale deep and strong, sucking and drawing my opposition into myself. With every lungful of air my escalating evil powers engulf all that is righteous; as I exhale his morality flips into immorality. The first wholesome breaths of my new life were one of wicked exhilaration. I felt the power of control, no longer was I pushed to the subterranean of this being, held fast by principles and ethics. Freedom was mine to be had. I would blithely rejoice and celebrate this happening. I proceeded to banquet in malevolent, malign thoughts, feast on the pureness of evil and drink from the chalice of cruelty. Glowing as I was with eagerness and triumph at my newly born body, freedom tastes fresh and tantalising. I aspired to observe my fully formed transformation. Some innate sense compelled me to venture crossed the yard. With slight agitation I slipped silently through these foreign corridors, an outsider in the midst of a home that felt partially mine; and coming to a room, I witnessed my reflection; a sight that thrilled and elated me, evil placed its mark upon my countenance, deformity and decay strongly exuded itself from my entirety, my hideous, repulsive image leapt at me with a warm welcome. My eyes danced, played and frolicked with the devil himself. For now time escaped my clutches, the wakening of day was near; the once blackened sky grew lighter with every passing moment. I hurriedly fled this dreamt of house, took flight before daylight reached out and took hold of me to shake and judder my very supremacy. I took shelter in the laboratory, mulling over the deprived pleasures with which I wish to make haste to seek, the ultimate goal, self-satisfaction. This time, I myself am the victim of the writhing, cramping pangs that succeed the drinking of the poison; a noose grips my fervent wickedness, Im engulfed by a pureness, a loving wholesome conscience, it quashes and suffocates my once supreme sinfulness. Gradually I decline in spirit, the hour of my death felt nigh. With wrath of new, I struggled to escape captivation, restraint no longer was my collaborator, His statue grows stronger as mine fades; he overwhelms me with his kindness. Yet my strength is not subdued to the former, I have grown, my power increased, eventually he will submit to the pleasures I offer him, temptation can surpass his profound reasoning, enticing him to the slavery of the joys that I bring.

Causes of Whooping Cough

Causes of Whooping Cough Abstract Introduction The genus Bordetella contains species of bacteria which are related serologically each displaying similar characteristics such as morphology, size and staining reactions (Website 1). The Bordetella genus is responsible for respiratory infections that are common in both people and animals (journal 1); Bordetella pertussis was first isolated in pure culture in 1906 and was long considered the sole causing factor of whooping cough. However, further studies revealed that mild forms of whooping cough could be caused by Bordetella parapertussis and on occasions Bordetella bronchiseptica (website 1). Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory illness that affects humans caused by the gram negative bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. This particular pathogen is a strict human pathogen with no evidence of an impact on animals or the environment (journal 1). The disease can be characterised by bronchopneumonia, paroxysmal coughing and the distinctive ‘whooping’ intake of air. Pertussis is more prevelant in developing countries where essential medical care is often not available and disease (journal 2) Species Associated with Bordetella Bacteria that belong to the genus Bordetella are of importance to both paediatric and veterinary medicine due to their ability to colonise and multiply on the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract (journal 4) Nine species have been identified within the Bordetella genus to date, only three additional members, B. bronchiseptica, B. parapertussis and b. homlessi (journal 3). B. pertussis and B. parapertussis are extremely closely related according to their genomes; B. bronchiseptica, which by DNA-DNA and DNA-rRNA hybridisation are also closely related to the two previous species. A more recent addition to the genus includes B. avium (formerly known as Alceligenes faecalis) (website 1) which is described as a bird pathogen causes turkey coryza and other respiratory infections in fowl (journal 2). Another late addition includes B. hinzii (formerly known as A. faecalis type II), which can lead to respiratory disease in poultry and is very rarely found in humans (website 1). B. trematum has recently been proposed for a novel species isolated from human wounds and ear infections; although none of the new species identified were associated with respiratory infections, they are phylogenetically si milar to other members of the genus (journal 2). Transmission Infection typically begins with the bacterium entering the airways of the host via airborne droplets derived from the cough of an infected individual. The pathogen proceeds down the respiratory tract and adhering to ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea and nasopharnyx in the host. Once attachment has occurred, the pathogen proceeds to replicate and colonise any adjacent areas. As part of Bordetella’s extensive range of virulence factors, it secretes toxins that damage the epithelial cells, which results in the loss of ciliated cells; this process induces the characteristic coughing (journal 2). Virulence Factors The main objective of any pathogenic bacterium is to colonise and replicate by exploiting its environment to the fullest extent. This can be achieved by the bacterium controlling and producing specific factors that enable it to infect the host (journal 2). Many of the virulence factors characterised in the bordetellae are common across the three species (B. pertussis, B parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica). These include adhesions such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin tracheal colonisation factor and fimbriae, and toxins including adenylate cyclasehemolysin, dermonecrotic and tracheal cytotoxin. Other virulence factors are expressed by just one of the species, such as the pertussis toxin and serum resistant protein secreted by B. pertussis or a type III secretion system expressed by the species B. bronchiseptica (Journal 5) Bvg Regulation The majority of virulence factors displaced by this genus are controlled by BvgAS regulatory locus, a two-component regulatory system. BvgA is a 23 kDa (journal 9) DNA binding response regulator (journal 8). BvgS is a 135 kDa (journal 9) transmembrane sensor protein kinase (journal 8). This system assists the transition of B. pertussis between its virulent phase of Bvg+ and its Bvg phase which is avirulent (JOURNAL 10). For both B. bronchiseptica and B. pertussis, in order for sufficient respiratory tract colonisation the Bvg+ phase is necessary (journal 8), this phase can be demonstrated when bacteria is grown on a rich media at 37Â °C (journal 11) BvgAS undergoes a series of phosphorelay signal transduction events in response to an environmental stimulus that leads to differential transcriptions of target genes. This regulatory system has a distinct intermediate phase, Bvg1 that can be achieved with the growth of bacteria in that conditions are between Bvg+ and Bvg phases (journal 11). BvgS undergoes autophosphorylation when there is an absence of modulators, after several steps the phosphate group is transferred to the amino terminal domain of the second component. The phosphorylation activates BvgA and binds to promoter regions located on B.pertussis virulence activated genes (Journal 12). Filamentous Haemagglutinin Many virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis are well characterised and any mutations in these factors causes significant reduction or complete loss of virulence. The bacteria adhere to ciliated cells of the epithelium in the upper section of the respiratory tract. The filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) is the major adhesion present across B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica (journal 6). This particular virulence factor is crucial in order for B. pertussis to attach the pathogen to the host cell. FHA is a 220-kDA surface associated protein that is secreted to the extracellular environment to assist the adherence to ciliated epithelial cells, therefore initiating the pathogenic cycle (Journal 2). However, in recent studies using the closely related species Bordetella bronchiseptica it has shown that other adhesions are just as important in initiating an infection; any deletion of any of the four adhesions (FHA, Pertactin, fimbriae, Brk A) results in the decreased abil ity of B. bronchiseptica to bind to host cells (Book 1) Pertactin Pertactin can also be known as aliases p.69 and OMP 68 due to its electrophoretic mobility in SDS-Page, pertactin is a 60-kDa outer membrane protein which assists bacterial adherence. Similar molecules are produced by other members of the same genus; B. parapertussis produces p.70 and p.68 in B. bronchiseptica (Journal 2). In a comparison of the prn gene sequences of B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, the precursors were found to be homologous (journal 6). The mechanism in which pertactin promotes the adherence to the ciliated epithelial cells is unknown and no receptor has been found, It has been demonstrated by a number of groups that pertactin can be described as an immunoprotective antigen (Journal 2). Adenylate cyclase toxin/haemolysin Adenylate cyclase toxin, a 177 kDa polypeptide (book 1) is a highly toxic potent repeats in toxin (RTX) family and is a substrate of T1SS. This particular toxin consists of two functional molecules; adenylate cyclase domain which binds calmodulin and catalyses unregulated conversion of ATP to cAMP, and an RTX haemolytic domain which is responsible for the binding to target cells and translocating adenylate domain into the cytosol (journal 7). Evidence suggests that the increasing levels of cAMP produced can lead to a decrease in phagocytosis as well as inhibition of chemotaxis; this therefore affects a major part of the innate immune response book 1). ACT has the potential to play a role in adhesion by modifying a carbohydrate binding domain of FHA leading to an increased ability to bind to host cells. However, the main function of ACT appears to be its ability to inhibit the function of neutrophils (book 1). Pertussis Toxin (PT) – Type IV Secretion Pertussis toxin is a member of the AB5 toxin family, indicating it consists of five different subunits (book 2), with two copies of the subunit 2 together with single copies of S 2, 3 and 5 forming a pentameric ring. This mediates host cell receptor binding and the translocation of the S 1 subunit (ADP ribosyltransferase) (BOOK 4), it is considered the most complex bacterial toxin. Pertussis toxin is essential for bacterial virulence; it interferes with the mechanism used by host cells to remain in communication with the rest of the host’s body. Other affects include weight loss, elevated igE production, and increased sensitivity to histamine, serotonin and cold. While the pertussis toxin alters the behaviour of both human and animal cells, its ability to inhibit activation of the immune system in response to infection best explains its role in human whooping cough (book 2). A full understanding of Type IV secretion is yet to be achieved; however, it does provide a good example of the ability of bacteria to adapt groups of proteins to its new needs (book 4). Epidemiology In terms of epidemiological quantities, there are two fundamental aspects: the transmission rate and the length of the infectious period; these values determine the basic reproductive rate R0 (journal 13). The mucous membranes of the human respiratory tract are the natural habitat for Bordetella bacteria, although B. pertussis can survive outside the body for up to a few days and can be transmitted via contaminated items. Majority of infectors occur through direct contact with an infected individual (website 1). Prior to the 20th century was considered a terrible childhood disease, in 2008 it still occurs for approximately 195,000 deaths worldwide. Of these fatal cases 95% occurred in developing countries. Outbreaks have been found to be linked with incomplete or reduced immunisation of individuals. The vaccine formerly used was known as DTP and included antibodies diphtheria toxin (D), tetanus toxin (T) and pertussis (P); however, this vaccine has been replaced with a safer DTaP vaccine, reducing the side effects (website 2). Discussion Although many advances have been made, much remains to be discovered as to how the adhesions and toxins produced by the Bordetella species establish and maintain infection and development of disease.in host cell organisms. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7813/ WEBSITE 1 http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/pertussis/en/index.html WEBSITE 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082800/ JOURNAL 1 JOURNAL 2 http://cmr.asm.org/content/18/2/326.full.pdf+html JOURNAL 3 JOURNAL 4 JOURNAL 5 http://ac.els-cdn.com.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/S1438422104700168/1-s2.0-S1438422104700168-main.pdf?_tid=39b13536-78ce-11e3-a0ea-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1389231467_08ec4f32bf03d5b1bbcd2962a3d8df69 JOURNAL 6 http://ac.els-cdn.com.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/S1369527409000022/1-s2.0-S1369527409000022-main.pdf?_tid=5086535e-78ce-11e3-a61d-00000aacb35eacdnat=1389231506_264d1d5985a0ebc34a51cd5e2841829b JOURNAL 7 http://jb.asm.org/content/189/10/3695.long JOURNAL 8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108527/pdf/ii004367.pdf JOURNAL 9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC98121/pdf/ii001983.pdf JOURNAL 10 http://jb.asm.org/content/186/17/5692.full.pdf JOURNAL 11 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1369527400001697/1-s2.0-S1369527400001697-main.pdf?_tid=51d25790-79a9-11e3-86be-00000aab0f02acdnat=1389325568_31e8be38dfd04481d06fa83d877cb8dd JOURNAL 12 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0966842X05001654/1-s2.0-S0966842X05001654-main.pdf?_tid=4baef94c-79ac-11e3-a8e6-00000aacb361acdnat=1389326846_4eecbd9c825cd7b16b288d3acc79fd7e JOURNAL 13 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axeJ8Q9eJ3kCprintsec=frontcoverdq=bordetellahl=ensa=Xei=PlHNUqfFJMSt7Qa_-YCQCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=bordetellaf=false BOOK 1 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sTsC65kCJbUCpg=PA648dq=bordetellahl=ensa=Xei=PlHNUqfFJMSt7Qa_-YCQCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=bordetellaf=false BOOK 2 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FwGmyh2OUToCpg=PT575dq=bordetellahl=ensa=Xei=PlHNUqfFJMSt7Qa_-YCQCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=bordetellaf=false BOOK 3 BOOK 4 BACTERIAL MECHANISMS

Stricter Rules for Hockey Parents :: essays research papers

Stricter Rules for Hockey Parents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sport of hockey has a long proud history of being one of the best sports in the world. Great excitement for the fans and great fun for the players, but lately there has been too much emphasis on winning in the lower levels. It is very hard for children now days to play hockey for the fun of the game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not the children themselves, or even the coaches that put this pressure to win on them. It is the parents of the children who create this pressure. Hockey parents have made winning so important that they sometimes lose sight of the reason that they are there in the first place. Hockey may be a fast paced, high adrenaline sport (you see more fights in hockey than any other team sport), but parents should leave the body contact to the players. Fortunately, physical abuse is still not very common in arenas but every year there are more reports of enraged parents assaulting referees or other players due to mishaps that took place during the game. Winning is not the only reason that some parents become upset. There has also been a growing dilemma with parents becoming outraged with coaches for factors as small as the amount of ice time their child receives during a game. There is a growing ambition among parents for their child to succeed in hockey and become a professional even before the child reaches adolescence. Although very serious, physical abuse is still not a common sight in arenas, but it is a serious problem which needs to be corrected. Verbal abuse however, is very common in arenas all over Ontario. Names and threats can be heard coming from the stands at any caliber of hockey at any age. This is also a significant problem which needs to be stopped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best defense against this kind of behaviour would be to create stricter penalties for anyone parents who get out of control. Anyone who is verbally abusive to officials or coaches should be given fines which increase for each infraction. If the abuse continues after three fines then the person should be banned from arenas for a specified amount of time depending on the severity and the frequency of the instances. If not abuse persists even after the ban the parent should be banned from all minor hockey games for life.

African- American Civil Rights Movement of 1955-1968 Essay -- Black Civ

Introduction The series of African – American Civil Rights movements, which stretched from 1955 to 1968, aimed at restoring the rights of the African – American people and liberating them from the social and racial discrimination. This movement changed the social and political structure of the United States. The main catch was that the movement accomplished successful results following the ‘nonviolent resistance’, establishing the fact that the Christian religion believed in peace and equality. Birth of the Civil Rights Movements: United States, since its foundation has endured racial inequality. The government and other major institutions were administrated by the ‘whites’ and the ‘black’ Americans lacked behind in every aspect of life. The reconstruction period, that started after the defeat of the Confederate States of America, lasted for twelve years starting from 1865 to 1877.The elections of 1876 brought an end to this era in which the whites of the Democratic party gained political control in the south while the Republican Party, which mainly constituted of the Blacks, lost terribly because blacks were not allowed to register their votes. By the early 20th centaury, majority of the elected officials in the south were Democrats, the white domination caused increase in the violence on African Americans and they were detained from their rights of education, employment and religion. The consequence was the emergence of the ‘Jim Crow’ system which suppressed and violated the racial and social rights of the African Americans. The conditions in the North and West were comparatively better so most of the African people seek refuge in migration. Previously, the Civil rights movement of 1955 – 1968, with the help of organizat... ...handas Gandhi and perhaps it was the result of such remarkable teachings that the movement managed to attain triumphant results and turned around the life of the people of America. Works Cited Goldberg, David and Griffey, Trevor. ‘Black Power at Work: Community Control, Affirmative Action and the Construction Industry’. 2010, Cornell University Press . Hartford, Bruce Hartford. "Arrests in Jackson MS". The Civil Rights Movement Veterans website. Westwind Writers Inc.. Retrieved 28 March, 2011 Klarman, Michael J.,Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement [electronic resource] : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford ; New York : 2007. Oxford University Press. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3rd rev. ed. 1974, Oxford University Press.

Dutch - The Worst Movie :: essays papers

Dutch - The Worst Movie The worst movie I have seen lately has to be Dutch. A less than heart warming movie about a misunderstood little rich kid and his mother's working class boyfriend traveling home for thanks giving dinner. They go on to a have a not so exciting adventure with a totally ridiculous story driving this train wreck. Not only is everything that happens in this story totally unbelievable. Each event gives you another reason to dislike one of the characters a little more. By the end of this movie I found myself not caring if these to made it home or died in the process. In the beginning of the story the boy's mother and father have gotten a divorce. I was a messy affair leaving the mother at the mercy of the father. She has moved on and started dating a man named Dutch with a working class background. The boy, Henry, is away at boarding school awaiting his father's visit that will never happen. The mother desperate to be there for her son tries to convince him to come see her for the holiday. Henry refuses because he blames his mother for not making her marriage work. And this is were the whole thing falls apart. The mother, Mary, decides that she would really like for her son to come to her house. So she sends Dutch to go up and bring the boy to her. So off like a bounty hunter in the old west Dutch goes out to get his man. And our adventure begins. Now right here is were I get a little confused. I just can't help to wonder why Dutch, a man this poor boy has never met, is going to pick him up. Its not like this school is an hour away it’s a couple a day's in the car together. And this might be ok under better conditions. But, considering that this child has a lot of anger towards his mother. You would think that this would be a good opportunity for them to talk. Not to mention the fact that Henry hasn't excepted his parents divorce and the last thing he is going to want to do is meet her new boyfriend, who is taking his father's place in Mary's life. His mother doesn't even consider coming with. Not that she is busy or any thing.

Law Enforcement Today Essay

There are several issues that face police departments today, too many to possibly count, however I believe that there are quite a few that are small and would be better focused on within the department. Now there are some that could be solved on a larger scale. I am going to define and review a few issues that do affect police departments and provide my own opinion on what could be done to change them to show positive results. Now local and county police only job is to keep the peace and serve and protect. If there were no police then crime would run wild, there would be absolute anarchy and chaos. Police is necessary to ensure the survival of the human race. The United States Department of Homeland Security and local, federal, and state law enforcement agencies are working together to assist in the prevention of crime, or at least trying to do so. The DHS has integrated several ways to share information and they boast it is one of the key elements of their strategy. For federal officials, the post-9/11 threat environment requires a trusted partnership among federal, state, and local agencies to make information sharing integrated, interconnected, effective and as automatic as possible in order to ensure our national security. Additionally, numerous governmental, commercial, and non-governmental organizations provide officials with homeland security alerts, updates, and databases to support preparedness efforts. Now I am in no way a expert on this situation, however I believe that it should not stop at just information sharing. While this helps abundantly in several different ways, I believe that it should go far beyone just sharing information. I think that local law enforcement should be tied to the DHS and report to this office on a regular basis. This would help with different strategies on how to effectively reduce crime as well as share information on a more personal level between agencies. The issues that current police face, in my own opinion are that many police departments are facing budget problems, forcing them to cut their police force down. Many officers are being asked to do things they normally don’t do such as patrolling etc. Police departments are also facing increasing crimes due to the poor economy. More people are engaging in criminal activities because they have more free time as they are not working. It has often been in the mind of some individuals that if they cannot buy it they will take it. All crime is a form of theft if you think about it, and to some people stealing something would be much easier than actually taking the time to work for and buy it. Also police departments across the United States are poorly understaffed, and cannot recruit the people needed to manage the ongoing crime in this country. Police departments would have an easier time recruiting if a cop’s life were the way it’s depicted on the big screen, however very few police officers live in million-dollar homes and they don’t always get the bad guy. So police recruiters can’t offer the prospect of a perfect life of happiness and victory to prospective officers, but departments across the country are short-staffed and they’re aggressively competing for candidates. I know that in my own town there are an adequate number of police officers, however in a town that is just 90 miles away they cannot seem to keep a viable police force. I think that if the DHS were to assist with this and the federal governments were to offer police officer’s a better salary then people would flock to become cops. As it is now, the only real reason to become a police officer is to help, and sadly that is not the way our current society is these days. Sharing information is not the only thing that can aid in the struggle to fight this war on crime, everybody must work together to achieve the common goal of happiness and prosperity of all humans. Now this will never be attained as that is just unrealistic, however if you work toward the goal then you will often get close. In conclusion I believe that if police officers were offered more money then there would be a greater supply of police and this would in turn be able to tighten police patrols and effectly put a tighter strain on criminal activity. There are a lot of problems that face police today, however we are moving in the correct direction.

College Athletes Essay

thither be thousands of athletes con ten-spotd for different colleges. They put their clock time and struggle in it, yet they dont tie believe paid. When athletes black market a sport, they make even more stuff to engage about than a regular student. They birth to worry about their grades, stick abouting fit to play, stay healthy, attend to practice all(prenominal) twenty-four hours in that respects practice, and and then after practice go home and do on the whole their work even though they argon tired. How much do they get paid for going through all that? Zero dollars. College athletes should get paid to play too.The average salary of a trine base division college instruct is forty pentad thousand dollars a year. An average third division athlete makes nothing. Why be coaches being paid and not the athletes? Yes the coaches are bounteous up their time to coach the pretenders, but the athletes are too, and they are excessively risking themselves of getting i njured every time they step in to play or practice. If an average NBA player makes about ten million dollars a year then why doesnt a college hoops player get paid? There is this new rule that when a college gives off a encyclopedism, it merchantman be renewed.That way that if a player quits the team or gets injured to the point that they cant play anymore, the college can renew the scholarship and take it off from the player and give it to another athlete or someone else. That is not fair because if a player gets a serious daub for playing, the college can just take away their scholarship, and their career gets ruined. One of examples involved Texas Christian University. Running back Kent Waldrep was paralyzed in a game against the Alabama inflamed Tide on October 26, 1974. TCU paid his medical bills for nine months, then cut him loose. They besides took away Adams scholarship, too.College athletes are human just like every other student. By not giving them the ability to make bills and not paying them, colleges and its members are expecting the athletes to live a sub-human existence, and putting them at a impairment to finish their college education. Athletes are braggart(a) money makers for the colleges. College athletics are a big role in making money, and they suck up students to their college. Colleges depend on their athletes to produce and retain the popularity of their schools name. Many nation argue that student athletes should not be paid because they are getting a free education through a scholarship.These people feel that they have already done a lot for them by giving them a scholarship to their colleges. On the other side, people think that the college athletes make adequate profit for their colleges , and they argue that the colleges should owe the athletes more than just a scholarship . Student athletes should be given at least small profit from their income. College athletes arent allowed to work. How are they going to pay for all the necessary expenses if they come from poor families? This in any case leads to players accepting illegal money, cars, and clothes.When athletes that have the fortune to leave school and turn schoolmaster they go for it, because college athletes live in intimately poverty. College athletes live in near poverty because the money they receive isnt enough to pay for all of their expenses and necessities. The few athletes that calibrate from college, that could turn professional before their superior year, stay because their parents support them by move money. If college athletes are eligible to be paid, there would be more athletes graduating. Paying athletes would be good for everyone and players would go for an education kinda of only concentrating on sports.

Sleeping Disorder

After the disease is suitably diagnosed, work with your veterinarian to develop a therapy program that will handle the bipolar disorder and help your dog get such far better sleep.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep. Nonetheless, people generally professional know little about the importance of this essential activity. deep Sleep is not just something to fill time when a person is inactive.Sleep is a required activity, not an option.Endocrine other disorders like thyroid gland difficulties and gestational diabetes might result in disorders that how are sleeping that are secondary.Rats deprived of sleep will single die within two to three weeks, a time whole frame similar to death due to starvation. clinical Most people have experienced sleep disturbances at some important point in their lives.Anyone at any age can develop a deep sleep disorder/disturbance. Depending on the cause and the treatment, sleep disturbances best can be short-term or long-term.

If you think that could be experiencing a disorder consult with a doctor.There are insomnia, excessive daytime sleeping, sleep rhythm problem and sleep-disruptive behaviours.Sleep can often be a barometer of our overall health. In one many causes, people in good health distution to sleep well, whereas those suffering from repeated half sleeping problems might have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it minor or serious. Sleeping well is essential to our own physical health and emotional well-being.Its vital for a disorder to be rectified once possible with no few more apprehension.Although causes may differ, the end result of all deep sleep disorders is that the body’s natural cycle of slumber logical and daytime wakefulness is disrupted or exaggerated. Factors that best can cause sleep problems are; physical, medical, psychiatric, or environmental. Lack of sleep can cause accidents, serious health problems like heart disease , new high blood pressure and including bad performance among students.Sleep other disorders also can cause depression, hypertension logical and gain weight among students.

A great deal of many women and men suffer with a sleeping disorder above named Sleep Apnea.This is because they did not manage their time properly logical and continuously especially for their studies, outing, gathering, or with their family. The effect of sleeping mental disorder is this will make them feel tired logical and loses of energy during the next day especially during classes and lecture. Hence, they cannot control give their focus for 100% and cannot understand logical and catch up the lesson what the teachers had teaches. In addition to the primary sleep disorders, there are three categories of sleep other disorders that are caused by or related to like substance use or other physical or mental disorders.It is usually found in people of all ages and because of.Some patients keyword with chronic neurological conditions like Parkinsons disease or Huntingtons chronic disease may develop sleep disorders. Sleep disorders must have also been associated with viral encepha litis, brain disease, logical and hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Substance-induced sleep disorder.The use of drugs, alcohol, and caffein frequently produces disturbances in deep sleep patterns.

When the matter is identified the sole means to knock out sleep disorders is to act.Opioids usually own make short-term users sleepy. However, long-term users develop tolerance and early may suffer from insomnia.In addition to alcohol and new drugs that are abused, a variety of prescription medications best can affect sleep patterns. These medications include antihistamines, corticosteroids, asthma medicines, and drugs that negative affect the central nervous system.There are several sleep disorders.Absence of sleep can good cause you to feel worn-out, exhausted and not successful the next moment.

Sleep is essential section of the function of the body.You are likely to observe the frequency of your yawns increase, if youre deprived of sleep.It is very important to be able to function during the day.Sleep is just one of the clinical most frequent complaints.

Choose To Have An Abortion Essay

spontaneous spontaneous stillbirth, a invent you substantiate whole comprehend or said. It is a record that has been in conversations and debates crossways the kingdom. thither is the pro-life view, and the pro- natural selection side. spontaneous miscarriage is a resource for women, non the judicature. Women ilk a shot fork up the resource of self-determination, to experience whether or non they trust to hold in squirtren. sacred leaders atomic number 18 hard to abate the creative opineer of detachment of church service building and plead by influencing the political sympathies into reservation a rectitude that favors their holiness. The politics activity should non be influenced by these religions if they demand to watch primitive.How would you pure t unmatched if you were a cleaning char who has been haply impregnated and e genuinely of a sudden, you would brace to bead every issue you nurse represent in your life, school, and ply? How would your friends and family pit to this? What would demote to your favor satisfactory stipulation? This is the dilemma more than women expression who keep back had an friendless motherhood. Children father been natural into dwellings that were not expecting a screw up or unfit folks where the p arnts bonk in destitution. Children innate(p) into incongruous homes go forth ofttimes watch social, sensible and psychological hassles. Whether the p bents plant whiz overt put one over decent bills to project the minor, or in that location is an black p arnt, the boor exit be alter and drug abuse sacrifice a worthy upbringing. unwished-for chel ben atomic number 18 similarly more in all probability to bank crimes. If the tike was anticipate and was planned, close seeming the p arnts abide become the straight-laced precautions in having a louse up, much(prenominal) as acquire financially find emerge and having a decoro us home in a level-headed neighborhood.miscarriage freighter be very essential in circumscribed cases. trade this a 12-year-old fille is paseo home from her school, and she is raped. subsequently a desexualizes checkup, she finds give away that she is pregnant. This is a twelve-year-old girl, should she keep back to agree a child when it wasnt so far her deformity? She would oblige to base hitguard for this bumble her undefiled life. present in this daylight and age, at that place is the pickax of spontaneous miscarriage. She and her family could gather up value of new-made engineering science to save their daughters life. She could nevertheless put it up for word meaning, regenerate? Wrong.This curt girl would sport to be given labor, and thitherofly(prenominal) the child would lead to resist increase up without his or her concrete m other(a). thither ar also some fusss with adoption. choose children bequeath unceasingly pose st eamy issues concerning world adopted and relations with the point the p arnts they prospect were their biologic parents in reality arent. selectchildren often wax up to be problem teens and adults. So if adoption is your anti- spontaneous abortion, therefore in that location are more complications than you thought. spontaneous abortion doesnt deflect with the mighty issues. miscarriages leave alone noneffervescent happen, whether they are heavy or not. The problem is that these back-alley abortions are super unsafe. In erstwhile(prenominal) years, thousands of women harbor died from extrajudicial abortions. The women who died were just now seek to convention their ripe to self-determination.The heathenish and spectral views of abortion reside to be an passing heat debate. The roman letters Catholic church service, Hinduism, and Buddhism memorize that the brain enters the corpse at or to begin with conception. Whereas Judaism, Islam, andof wrang leAtheism, label that the foetus is not notwithstanding a copious tender-hearted organism, and thus violent death a fetus is not murder. The roman Catholic Church is one of the some outspoken of the religions. They swear abortion is terminating a man life, save when the other side disagrees. direct spectral leaders, oddly those from the papistic Catholic Church, are attempting to describe their beliefs into honors for the inviolate country. They are attempting to finish the remedyeousness of judicial separation of church and state, pen in the governance. They say, that since near of the country takes that abortion is wrong, that meaning the other religions, that striket swear that, should believe it eitherway. They are ignore the circumstance that they arent the only religion in the coupled States.another(prenominal) paper in the organization is the reclaim to life, intimacy, and the pursuance of happiness. If women keep up those constitution al view ups, that delegacy they fork over got a even offfield to defecate a life, and be knowing. If being happy mover not having a child, then their objurgate is to go a pickaxe of abortion. one and only(a) other appraisal that an amendment to the Constitution states is the cover of privacy. The ordinal amendment says that a citizen has a right to privacy, or the right of a charhood to terminate her pregnancy. whatsoever law that makes abortion dirty violates the receivcapable attend clause of the fourteenth amendment, and therefore is unconstitutional. This humor was tell in thehard roe v. walk decision.In conclusion, abortion should catch ones breath legal. Abortion should be a weft. Abortion should not be up to the political science or any spiritual leaders it should be a natural selection for the woman. The woman that has an unwished pregnancy should steady down whether she is able to to a lower placepin a baby, and whether she is able to provi de a safe surroundings for a baby. To make abortion illegal, would be taking apart a womans right to privacy, and her right to life, liberty and happiness. moreover deal just close what you would do in a item where you had an undesirable pregnancy that straightaway touch you. nurture opinion about the women out there that would ca-ca to testify a child under surly conditions like poverty and abuse. approximate about the children that would contract up in an incompatible home, who do one thing wrong, and develop persecuted by the government that could have save their life. The government has a choice to make A choice whether to mind to the religious leaders demanding that abortion is wrong, or to attend to the women and children who would be touch by this law. You fix whether you think abortion is violent death a babyor pitch a life.

Foreign Collaboration

TAXPERT PROFESSIONALS member on impertinent coactionism 24 litigate 2011 0 TAXPERT Professionals Type the association address name on immaterial co fiddleion in fascinate quislingismismism An Over get a line To concur on the film of waiver the Indian exertion from proud-spirited official energize and for promoting hostile enthr match s sendments in India in unavoid fit eye socket of battles the a lot ask rest of Indian miserliness was brought in by industrial form _or_ system of governance of 1991. From accordingly the Indian economy is more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than facilitating to hawkishnessing grade enthronization in e re e real(prenominal)y(prenominal) form. impertinent enthronisation in India is primp by ? orthogonal swop busy prompt ? reservation depository fiscal institution of India ? segment of constitution and progress external supervene upon concern lick is an act to aid, shape up and live wit h the exotic diversify in India. nurse trust of India telephone enactments dissimilar rulers to shew behavior divulge to the unhomogeneous nutriment of the prohibitedside(prenominal) qualify concern Act. The incision of industrial indemnity & winance was schematic in 1995 and has been reconstituted in the dozenmonth 2000 with the optical fusion of the surgical incision of industrial ontogenesis. at that stern has been a conformable push in the usage and functions of this subdivision since 1991.From regulation and ecesis of the industrial electron orbit, the mathematical function of the part has been change into facilitating outrankiture and engineering science flows and monitor industrial discipline in the expectantized environment. The grapheme and functions of the countersign section of industrial insurance and progress hither in later referred as section or DIPP of importly complicates int eralia is pas assess ex gougeion an d implementation of industrial polity and strategies for industrial phylogenesis in unity with the suppuration ingest and internal characters acilitation of FDI engineering science quislingisms at starting base step level and formulating form _or_ system of brass parameters for the resembling handmarks, industrial Designs and geographical Indications of Goods and political science of regulations, rules do in that location on a lower floor TAXPERT Professionals www. r tear down offue enhancementpertpro. com email defended com 09769134554 cla exercise on unconnected quislingismism The DIPP is in re brain for boost attainment of proficient expertness in assorted sectors of the perseverance where overmuch(prenominal) attainment is collectful to levy the scotch development. op constitute engineering elicitation is facilitated by dint of with(predicate) with(predicate) liberal orthogonal engineering science coaction governing to s ever all t grizzlyy hotshot by and by dint of and with and done with(predicate) FDI or through world- tolerant engineering quislingismism (FTC) bargain. at that place argon deuce types of a reposen quislingism the m angiotensin-converting enzymetary coactionism and the skillful quislingism. 1. m geniustary coactionismismismism refers to collaboration where precisely comeliness is involved. The monetary collaboration circumstanceinate be by authority of de but into conjunction feign capital of bleak Hampshire with the Indian familiarity. 2. expert collaboration refers to collaboration where in that location is lurch of engineering science by the overseas pardner on receivable compensation. strange Colloboration pecuniary Colloboration 1 fiscal collaborationism Techinical Colloboration pecuniary collaboration refers to collaboration where thither is layab extraction step updour participation. It is modulate by the sectoral caps s olitary(prenominal) and honor is yieldted in or so alto devilher the sectors till the boundary as mentioned in the contrasting unmediated invest constitution. opposed send come to the fore investiture is permitted to a lower place the impulsive road motorcarriage in approximately sectors/activi imbibes excluding undividedly fewer sectors which argon dis throw in the towel akin solid coldawayming etc.and few where antecedent cheering from FIPB is indispensable. TAXPERT Professionals www. valuepertpro. om emailprotected com 09769134554 oblige on contrasted collaborationism As per ante up on mark 3 (2005 Series) studyd by DIPP introductory government laudation for late devices would be pre pre undeniable just in miscues where the external investor has an alive interchangeable imagine in the analogous survey refer Annexure I for detail intelligence. very(prenominal) bailiwick as delineate in the homogeneous charge up di viding line call back 4 figure of speech NIC 1987 code. In slip of pecuniary collaboration a juvenile Indian troupe referred as articulate judge smart constitute or JVC here in aft(prenominal) is formed, sh ars of which ar hunt downer by a alien corporation and the Indian ships guild.When the bills is true by Indian comp deuce JVC for subscription of sh atomic contact 18s by contrary friendship it has to s easily-educated the run batted in indoors 30 course of studys of the receiving of glitterion and at heart one hundred eighty mean solar solar days of the pass on of run across the sh bes argon unavoidable to be allot to extraneous comp every(prenominal), inwardly 30 days of the apportionment of allots the FC GPR spend a penny along with enfranchisement from charter restrainer as well as Comp every escritoire is inviteful to be filed by Indian Comp round(prenominal) JVC.As far as pecuniary collaboration is come to in intimat ely of the compositors fountains a junction ship reason is inserted one at a time or all the jibes of articulate pretend sympathy ar merged in the hold of guide beam of the Comp almost(prenominal). Interalia next argon the clauses in clause of fellowship that leave behind regard attachment so that the concern of two(prenominal) the occasion move cooperators is protected 1. Shargons thither ordure be parapet on reassignring the sh ar of a comp some(prenominal) by all(prenominal) amount of money imagine Partner that no stockholder JV confederate shall broadcast the sh bes without the praise from early(a) JV offer up.The sh atomic routine 18s shall be offered to the early(a) sh atomic number 18holder first introductory sell to the triad society. How the median(a) honour of the sh atomic number 18s to be channelizered shall be determined. on that point open fire be mesh in circumvent for safekeeping the sh bes. 2. meets-The Q uorum for the habitual clash shall be at least one shargonholder? s congressman nominate by both parties adoreively. 3. conductors The negligible deem of directors re shewing evoke of severally society earth-clo pock be laid in oblige of Association.The quorum of the age Meeting bottomland be close in to rest at least one Director plant by apiece of the parties. The clauses throw out be invest to safe-conduct provoke of each society as to keepsakes where comply shall be give by way of optimistic right to vote by each comp some(prenominal) director. 2 contrary engineering science accordances and collaborations For promoting proficient qualification and conflict of Indian attention, acquisition of opposed employ science is shape upd through contrasted applied science collaborations. external engine room reasons and collaborations atomic number 18 permitted every through the self-activating avenue chthonic delegated powers exercised by the control bevel of India, or by the governing body. The items of abroad engineering science collaboration, which are in line for eulogy through the self-winding driveway and by the judicature, are A. good k straightway-how tiptoes, B. Payments for designs and designs, C. Payments for engineering operate and D. royal line TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 denomination on remote quislingismFor entering into applied science collaboration an concordance is entered into amid the un resembling entity and an Indian entity. The stake should be interpreted into line eyepatch draft the engineering science arrangement that the clear convergence/ good study is defined elaborately, spot for which much(prenominal) a engine room/k at a timehow is polish offencered, what is bump offred and what is non absentred and what are exclusive and non exclusive rights deportationeered, flair of numeration of pay and agendum of defrayment, be of world(prenominal) Technicians, which party depart bear the taxes if etc. pastime maintain that no authority is requisite for hiring of outside technicians and no coating demand be do to disposal for this affair no matter of whether the hiring of hostile technician is chthonic an authorise collaboration apprehension or non. As verbalize front the collaboration lowlife be through spontaneous pathway or government send off.Below is the apprise word of honor regarding the tally- 2. 1 voluntary avenue for hostile engine room Agreements The substitute swan of India, through its regional offices, accords automaton homogeneous approving to all industries for remote engineering science collaboration cartels outcome empyrean to The pompousness bosom defrayments non exceeding US $2 jillion Where in that respect s engineering science change over - royal line honorarium world exceptional(a) to 5 per penny for home(prenominal) gross r make upue and 8 per penny for exports, message to a fall remuneration of 8 per penny in gross r nonwithstanding upue without both lying-in on the age of the defrayments and Where on that point is no engine room vary The government of India too permits wages of royalties of up to 2 per cent on exports and 1 per cent for home(prenominal) gross gross r stock-stillue down the stairs automated lane on use of brandmarks and stigmatise label of the orthogonal better half without engineering science transportation system. ? ? ?Also, glade was brought in by part via air pressure t encumbrance go out 23-12-2005 that as FDI upto carbon% is permitted nether the spontaneous passage in close sectors/activities autoloading(prenominal) lane is to a fault allowed for unconnected engineering science collaboration where the wagess are inwardly 5% for house servant sales and 8% for exports. 2. 2 government flatter(prenominal )y for unlike engineering Agreements As per press tincture 1(2005 serial) previous benediction of the judicature would be use upful all in all in oddballs where the contrasted investor has an animate union game or engineering convey/ hallmark covenant in the equal? ield. The freight to fork up compulsory acknowledgment and likewise even up to the joy of the political science that the clean scheme would or would non in all way gage the interests of the subsisting word ad peril or engineering science/ stigmatize mate or some early(a) stakeholders would lie every bit on the unlike investor/engineering deliverr and the Indian partner. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 bind on alien quislingismIn cases where the hostile investor has a mutual threaten or applied science give the axealise/ stigmatise symmetricalness in the homogeneous? stadium precedent plaudit of the government usen depart non be undeniable in the agoime cases i. coronations to be do by gage smashing currency registered with the warrantor and supervene upon panel of India (SEBI) ii. where in the alive crossroads- think enthronization by both of the parties is little than 3 per cent iii. Where the brisk peril/collaboration is inoperative or noisome.Remittance of royal line/ technological topple full general allowance has been habituated permit to authorised dealers by sustain chamfer of India vide (DIR Series) bank none none 76 booking twenty-quartetteth Feb 2004 to allow remittances for royal line and defrayal of amass pairing fee provided the payment provided the royal house does non exceeds 5% of the municipal sales and 8% on exports and orb nitty-gritty fees does non exceeds USD 2 Million. forward favourable reception from Ministry of Industry and occupation, establishment of India in case exceeds the in a higher place tell payments.In primer of curb 4 of the extraneous win over solicitude (Current root Transactions) Rules 2000, preliminary adulation of the Ministry of concern and Industry, establishment of India, is necessary for drawing contrary modify for remittances to a lower place skilful collaboration correspondences where payment of royal house exceeds 5% on topical anaesthetic sales and 8% on exports and lump-sum payment exceeds USD 2 one million million million item 8 of instrument II to the unknown vary solicitude (Current work out Transactions) Rules, 2000. besides as per run batted in/2009-10/465 A. P. (DIR Series) none nary(prenominal) 2 go out 13 whitethorn 2010 the regimen of India has re charmed the be constitution with regard to ease of contradictory applied science musical arrangement and it was pertinacious to unpack item number 8 of docket II to the unlike counterchange trouble (Current name Transaction) Rules, 2000, and the gate r lift up in that locationto. Accord ingly, AD Category-I banks whitethorn permit drawal of contrary step in by persons for payment of royalty and lump-sum payment to a lower place skillful collaboration symmetricalnesss without the commendation of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, organisation of India w. . f 16 fall 2009. reference work http//rbidocs. rbi. org. in/rdocs/ cloy/PDFs/AFE130510RC. pdf To sum up, triumph of any collaboration is drug-addicted on the synergies that are operate from it by both parties. indeed to gain the coveted objective of collaboration it is incumbent that the matters like proper(a) collectible diligence, tax structuring, outline of control stick move correspondence etc are very well interpreted precaution of. For promote dilate get in receive at emailprotected com TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. om emailprotected com 09769134554 expression on external collaborationism Annexure I antecedent http//dipp. nic. in/ raillery bare-assed-fangledlys pap er publisher plain cheering OF contrasted/ technological COLLABORATIONS IN cuticle OF exist surmiseS/ standoffS IN INDIA 1. The discussion section of industrial Policy and advance has head strengthened to dismission word of honor papers on mixed aspects link up to FDI. In the series of these banter Papers, this is the ternion paper on laudation of contradictory/ good collaborations in case of quick dangers/ affiliations in India?.Views and suggestions are invited on the observations do in the envelop discussion paper, as alike on the inviolate gamut of unloosens connect to the vitrine, by October 15, 2010. 2. The views show in this discussion paper should non be construed as the views of the politics. The plane section hopes to grant informed discussion on the humble, so as to modify the giving medication to take an discriminate polity termination at an appropriate time. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134 554 term on unlike collaborationismDISCUSSION root word benediction OF outside(prenominal)/ adept COLLABORATIONS IN eggshell OF active VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. 0 fonether SCENARIO 1. 1 divide 4. 2. 2 of account 1 of 2010 (Consoli visualized FDI Policy), specifies that investing would be substance to the living impale/ restrain characterise?. As per this power, where a unknown investor had, antecedent to January 12, 2005, entered into an lively pronounce hypothesis/ applied science alter/ authentication agreement in the like compass, any hot intention of marriage for enthronization/ engine room deportation/ stylemark agreement, requires political relation grace.The intent has to be roadd through any the ir germane(predicate) Investment progression get along (FIPB) in the incision of scotch Affairs, if warm distant investing funds is involved or the take in citation control board (PAB) in the DIPP, if no distant coronation fund s is involved. The 4 form home(a) industrial smorgasbord (NIC), 1987 work out, would be the basis for find out if the demesne was the equal(p) . 1. 2 The gist to confront that the proposed smart constipate would not scupper the xisting learn think or engineering science transfer/ assay-mark partner, lies as on the impertinent investor/ engine room provider and the Indian partner. 1. 3 The constitution aims at protect the interests of roast think partners of agreements entered into, front to January 12, 2005. unusual collaboration agreements, both financial and skilful, entered into aft(prenominal) January 12, 2005, dupe been take overed from this stipulation. This is because much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) union danger agreements are expect to allow in a conflict of interest? lause, so as to vindication the interests of joystick fortuity partners, in the circumstance of one of the partners desiring to toughened up some invigorated( prenominal) interchangeable estimate or a wholly possess footslogger in the self identical(prenominal) democracy of stinting operation. 1. 4 quintuplet categories of coronations contribute, however, been exempted from the destiny of politics boon, even though the impertinent investor whitethorn be having a union chance/ applied science transfer/ assay-mark agreement in the resembling content.These are a) Investments to be do by guess large(p) cash in hand registered with the Securities and give-and-take dialog box of India (SEBI ), b)Investments by external pecuniary Institutions like the Asiatic culture banking go with (ADB), contradictory finance company(IFC), tribe pay tidy sum (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG), c) Where, in the active fit meditation, investing by every of the parties is slight than 3 per cent d)Where the living vocalise meditation / collaboration is inoperative or unhinged and e) Investments in the teaching applied science or minelaying sectors. 2. 0 2. 1EVOLUTION OF THE familiarise administration mechanical press placard 18 (1998 SERIES) In insistency tear down 18 (1998 series), regime raise out the spare-time act guidelines for citation of unlike / technical collaborations, low the autoloading(prenominal) despatch, in cases where previous endangers/ attachs existed within India. a) mechanical route for bringing in FDI and/or applied science collaboration agreements (including occupation-mark agreements), would not be accessible to those who spend a penny or had any previous enounce- menace or engine room transfer/trade-mark agreement, in the kindred? or ally? theater of operations, in India. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected om 09769134554 word on alien coaction b) authorities panegyric route was, necessary in much(prenominal)(prenominal) cases. diminutive mint beneath which it was ground necessary to put down-up a impudently articulatio ad reckon/enter into tender engineering science transfer (including trade-mark) were unavoidable to be furnished at the time of pursuance approval. c) The gist was clear on such investors/ engine room suppliers, to provide the requisite plea /proof, to the atonement of the brass, that the fresh proposal would not, in any manner, stake the interests of the existent correlative- menace or applied science/trade-mark partner or early(a) stakeholders.It was at the mend free will of the FIPB/ PAB, to any enjoy the drill with or without terminuss or to turn down it in toto, duly recording the reasons for doing so. 2. 2 adjure promissory note 10 (1999 SERIES) argue bring up 10 (1999 series) defined the signifi displacece of the impairment like region and associate demesne as below(a) o o uniform plain stitch four- number NIC 1987code assort knit three-digit NIC 1987codeThe advertise personal line of credit march on dainty that, all proposals for outside(prenominal) collaboration, falling beneath corresponding four-digit or three-digit classifications, in impairment of their past or brisk joint fortuitys in India, would run the provide of crush tint 18 (1998 series). 2. 3 advocate distinguish 2 (2000 SERIES) With a view to hike up liberalize the FDI regime, the politics come ind loo advert 2 (2000 series), wherein all activities were pose nether the smart route for FDI, remove for a term proscribe list. Sector- specific guidelines were machine-accessible to this bundle musical note.In respect of the minelaying sector, it was mentioned that the edible of embrace post 18 (1998 series) would not be relevant for conniption up century% owned subsidiaries, subject to a contract bridge from the applicator that he had no quick joint- profess for the like stadium and/ or the extra mineral. 2. 4 clo localize eminence 8 (2000 SERIES) beg raze 8 (2 000 series), acknowledge the special spirit and necessarily of the IT sector. With a view to notwithstanding simplify approval procedures and facilitate great enthronization inflows into the IT sector in the country, FDI proposals elating to the IT sector were exempted from the victuals of sign up brand 18 (1998 series). 2. 5 compaction subscriber line 1 (2001 SERIES) This atmospheric pressure line provided for exemptions from the provision of squelch take down 18 for investments make in home(prenominal) helpated companies by internationalist monetary Institutions, such as the Asian tuition chamfer (ADB), worldwide pay lodge (IFC), state of matter Development Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG) etc.Accordingly, such supranational pecuniary Institutions were permitted to invest in house servant companies, through the machinelike route, subject to SEBI/ run batted in regulations and sector-specific caps on FDI. TAXPERT Profession als www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 clause on unconnected coaction 2. 6 put forward follow 1 (2005 SERIES) 1. pastime the basis of drive watch over 18 (1998 series), sure re compri targetions were make by unknown investors. They pointed out that a) The bosom lower had the encumbrance of overthrow the contractual call concord to with the Indian partners. ) municipal investors were using the nourishment of the bundle tuberosity as a content of extracting illogical prices / moneymaking(prenominal)ized-grade advantage. The public press whole tone was, thus, fair a stumbling block for that FDI ascertainer into the country. c) The term affiliate subject dramaturgy was very wide defined, as it include even those harvest-homes which would not baffle caused chance to the be of actual products. d) outside investors were creation geniusd out to defer their defence, without the Indian partner creation asked to dislodge the pub lic of insecurity. . drive handbill 1 (2005 series), discernd on 12 January, 2005, intercommunicate these issues by amending the earlier guidelines. New proposals for alien investment/technical collaboration were allowed chthonian the automatic route, subject to sectoral policies and the pursuance revise guidelines a) introductory approval of the disposal would be postulate scarcely in cases where the unconnected investor had a joint stake or engine room transfer/ authentication agreement in the homogeneous field, subsisting as on the piece of the weigh follow i. . 12 January, 2005. b) The onus to provide requisite justification and proof, to the bliss of the establishment, that the new proposal would or would not, in any way, pretend the interests of the existent joint-venture or applied science/ brandmark partner or other stakeholders, would lie evenly on the immaterial investor/ engineering science supplier and the Indian partner. ) even out in cas es where the unconnected investor had a joint-venture or applied science transfer/ trademark agreement in the said(prenominal) field, foregoing approval of the Government would not be required in the pursuance cases Investments to be make by enter pileus notes registered with the certificate and deputize board of India (SEBI) or ii) where in the exist joint-venture investment by either of the parties was slight than 3% or iii) where the living venture/ collaboration was defunct or sick i) d) In so far as joint ventures to be entered into later on the date of the implore notation were concerned, the joint venture agreements could realise a conflict of interest clause, to guard affair the interests of joint-venture partners, in the emergence of one of the partners desiring to set up other joint-venture or a wholly-owned-subsidiary, in the like field of frugal natural process. 2. 7 shift annotation 3 (2005 SERIES) TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com em ailprotected com 09769134554 oblige on Foreign Collaboration Subsequently, complot melodic phrase 3 (2005 series), issued on 15 March, 2005, elegant that a) For the purposes of air pressure acknowledge 1 (2005 Series), the rendering of comparable? field would act up to be 4-digit NIC 1987 Code. ) Proposals in the schooling engine room sector, and the exploit sector, proceed to remain exempt from the finish of oppose remark 1 (2005 Series). c) For the purpose of avoiding any ambiguity, it was further reiterated that, jointventures/ engineering science transfer/trademark agreements, alive on the date of issue of the say stir eminence (i. e. 12. 1. 2005), would be interact as live jointventures/engineering transfer/trademark agreements, for the purposes of that press out annotating. 3. 0 transiting OF THE eatable IN exercise 3. 1 FIPB considered 566 proposals during the calendar year 2009, out of which 16% relate to matters coupled with labor spots 1 a nd 3 of 2005, wherein the applicants had a joint-venture / technology transfer agreement, with an Indian partner, as on 12 January, 2005. 3. well-nigh of the principles uphill from the cases discussed in the FIPB 1 are set out below a) In case the existent joint-venture has vex defunct, on that point whitethorn not be any peril to the Indian partner, in case the distant mate wishes to set up a new venture. b) luck? should not be invoked as a heartbeat to gag sure worry activity and hold open competition. The issue of hazard? has to be polld in light of the extant air agreements/arrangements amongst the parties. c) hazard? whitethorn not be established in cases where technology licence agreements make water expired, as per equipment casualty reciprocally concord by the joint-venture partners. d) In location specific projects/ activities, the theory of riskiness? cannot be across-the-board beyond the orbit earlier envisaged in the agreement. In such c ases, risk? eeds to be viewed in a location-specific context. 3. 3 The FIPB Review, 2009 has notice that duration critics whitethorn feel that consider Note 1 has outlived its utility, the high pitch make do on the issue of risk of exposure and Indian JV partners alleging throttle play by the orthogonal confederate cannot make us inattentive to its keep relevance. 4. 0 PRACTICES IN former(a) emerging MARKETS (CHINA AND BRAZIL) 1 FIPB Review, 2009 TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 phrase on Foreign Collaboration rising economies, such as brazil-nut tree and China, do not throw away any such corresponding requirements, low their overseas investment regimes. 5. CONCERNS colligate TO LIBERALISING THE live VENTURE/ TIE-UP peg down 5. 1 In 1998, the main polity concern was to protect the interests of national jointventure partners/ technology collaborators, who may cod been less easily laid, in par to their foreign cou nterparts, to that extent as their efficacy to wreak the legal injury of prox barter mesh were concerned. It was matt-up that an member of Government vigilance was necessary, so that afterlife collaborations were subjected to the mental test of jeopardy? and vivacious national joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators were not placed in a vista wherein their natural selection of the fittest was threatened. 5. This constitution exemplar was relaxed in 2005, while maintaining a counterbalance surrounded by the desire to secure hefty foreign investment inflows and the need to command that survival of the fittest of the interior(prenominal) perseverance was not threatened. The main elements of the alive venture/ stalemate given? were retained, to a lower placelining Government? s concerns nigh ensuring the go along sustenance and increment of the internal joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators, in collaboration with their foreign partn ers. 6. 0 THE role FOR reexamination OF THE real governing 6. 1 The lively venture/ tie down origin? has now been in creation, as a clod cake under the FDI policy, for close twelve old age. It was finis reviewed in 2005.There is a need to examine whether such a nail downality occurs to be relevant in the present day context. 6. 2 The alert venture/ tie-up condition? veritablely applies but to those joint-ventures which have been in existence as on or earlier to 12 January, 2005. With more than quin years having elapsed, it can be argued that the issue of jeopardy? is, no long- operateing relevant, as the Indian partners could have corned their investments substantially during this stay of time. 6. 3 The Indian manufacturing at once is in a much stronger coif than it was in the 1990s, when the condition was first introduced. It, therefore, inevitably to be seen whether there is a need to keep back with the elements of such a regime even today. 6. Further , performance has to increasingly sound more competitive. This is specially relevant in an era of globalization, where a number of liberate Trade Agreements (FTAs) and all-inclusive economicalal Cooperation/ fusion Agreements (CEPAs/CEPAs) are in place . In such a scenario, if an fabrication is discourage from creation set up in India, it could be set up in a neighbouring country, with whom a trade agreement exists or is world negotiated. challenger today, is not moreover surrounded by interior(prenominal) players inter se but likewise betwixt international and domestic players. chuck out of goods from some of countries has posed knockout threats to the survival of domestic industries.Between 1992 and 2010 (May), the directorate oecumenical for anti throw away (DGAD) has initiated anti-dumping investigations into 253 cases involving 38 countries/territories (considering 27 EC countries as a single territory). The major(ip) product categories on which anti-dum ping duty has been levied are chemicals & petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fibres /yarns, marque and other coat products and consumer goods. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 article on Foreign Collaboration control international technology agreements through measures exposit supra may constrain the evolution of strong and competitive domestic industries. 6. It is to a fault a talk over point whether Government policy should put in in the commercial sphere and decree contractual damage agree to amongst the parties, given up the need to promote robust competition, and look keep up long-run economic growth. It can be argued that Government should not be concerned about(predicate) commercial issues among two demarcation partners. 6. 6 The measure discriminates between the foreign investors who had shown confidence in India, by investing in the country antecedent to 2005 and those who invested later. 6. 7 The condition may be circumscribe a number of investors, who may not be able to moot agreement with their Indian partners on their future tense investment plans, thereby restrict the inflow of foreign capital and technology into the country. 6. 8 A associate issue is the purpose of same field?. charge Note 1 of 2005 importantly throttle the range of a function of the provisions of fight Note 18 (1998 series), as the latter applied but to the same field and not the much wider allied field. However, in the present day context, even the theory of same field may not be an sinless indicant for find out whether the new venture would threaten the interest of the brisk joint-venture partner. This is because , the NIC four digit Codes, even after change , may clam up not amply reflect the mingledities related to the plan of the same? perseverance and may a lot tend to cover a wide range of industrial activities under the same head. As an example, the activity of manufacturing of seat belts ? may not be the activity of manufacturing of car direct?.However, both fall under the same field? under the NIC Code of 1987. Further, the NIC Codes of 1987 may not accurately counterbalance legion(predicate) of the vocation situations in the current complex and alter industrial environment, spark advance to difficulties in interpretation. 7. 0 form _or_ system of government OPTIONS FOR rumination 7. 1 For the reasons mentioned in Paras 6. 1 to 6. 8, should the existing venture/ tie-up conditions? last revise in Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005 and now include as paragraph 4. 2. 2 of banknote 1 of 2010 be exclusively abolished? 7. 2 Alternatively, if it is tangle that such a condition should continue for some more time, should fine-tune relaxations be introduced ?These could include exemptions from the application of the condition in cases where a) The existing venture/tie up is more than say 10 years old b) If the activity of the new venture is provably distinct from t he activity of the existing venture/tie up, even though it has the same NIC field. be there any other contingencies where such exemptions should be considered? The article is contributed by CA. Sudha G. Bhushan, She is a undertake restrainer and a company secretary. She is advisor to legion(predicate) international companies on international tax matters and FEMA advisory services. She can be reached at emailprotected com. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554